Where are the additives on the label and how are they indicated? In the list of ingredients appearing on the label, additives are always found at the end of the list; in fact, this list is drawn UP ACCORDING TO A DECREASING ORDER of quantity and, since additives are always contained in reduced doses, they…
Adaptations of the heart in response to physical activity
The Heart: Outline of Anatomy and Physiology The heart is a muscle with an average weight of about 350 g in men and 300 g in women. It is located in the center of the chest with the tip or apex directed forward and to the left. It consists of 4 cavities (or chambers), 2…
Circulatory adaptations and sport
Passing from a condition of rest to one of intense exercise, cardiac output (given by the product of systolic output and heart rate) can increase fivefold. The figure shows the distribution of blood to the various organs at rest and under stress. Note the large percentage of blood that is carried to the muscles during…
Pantothenic Acid In Foods
Pantothenic acid is found in foods in both free and bound forms, and is widely distributed in plant and animal foods. Approximately 85% of dietary pantothenic acid is present in the form of coenzyme A and phosphopantein. Recommended intake levels. There is insufficient information to establish pantothenic acid requirements and no specific studies on dietary…
BIA and Body Hydration
Introduction Despite the fact that the adult human body is composed of 65% water, body hydration attracts less interest than one might expect. BIA and Body HydrationShutterstock It sounds almost absurd, but an adult male weighing about 70 kg should contain about 45 liters of water – or so it should be. To realize the…
Folic Acid Foods
Folate is found in meats (especially offal) and vegetables (especially beans, tomatoes, oranges), in a more or less bound and available form. In fact, there are folate-hydrolase inhibitors or other unknown factors in food that decrease its absorption (by 20% in legumes and 80% in orange juice). States of marginal folic acid deficiency occur in…
Training and Lactic Acid
Generalities Lactic acid is a residue of anaerobic glycolysis, one of the three energy production mechanisms used by muscle cells. Rightly associated with high levels of muscular effort, lactic acid appears when the energy demand cannot be met by the other two metabolisms: aerobic and anaerobic alactacidic The production, tolerance and disposal of lactic acid…
Lactic Acid
What is Lactic Acid Lactic acid or lactate is a by-product of lactacid anaerobic metabolism. It is a toxic compound for the cells, whose accumulation in the blood stream correlates with the appearance of the so-called muscle fatigue. Lactate is produced already from low intensity of exercise; red blood cells, for example, form it continuously,…
Hyaluronic Acid
Generalities What is Hyaluronic Acid and general aspects Hyaluronic acid is a substance naturally produced by our body with the purpose of hydrating and protecting tissues. Also present in many animals and in some types of bacteria, hyaluronic acid is one of the main components of connective tissue, in particular of its amorphous substance (or…
Alpha Lipoic Acid ALA
The α LIPOIC ACID (ALA) has two main functions: coenzyme of cellular metabolism and antioxidant. It is used in slimming diets to improve the use of carbohydrates and stabilize blood sugar (enhances the action of insulin). With regard to the antioxidant function is the only substance active in both aqueous and lipid phase and has…